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Rukwangali Language Manual

1. 1 Rukwangali. made simple Learn how to speak quickly, correctly, and effectively in just two months
2. 2 Peace Corps Namibia Rukwangali Language Manual Original version written by: Tim Habenicht Sandra Yitanga Chris Ndara Translated to Rukwangali by: Maxima Kamati Thenga Kamwanya Steph Sestito
3. 3 Table of Contents Section One The Essential -The Building Blocks of Rukwangali 1. GREETINGS pgs. 9-11 1.1 Morning Greetings 1.2 Afternoon Greetings 1.3 Evening Greetings 1.4 Introducing Yourself 1.5 Saying Goodbye 1.6 Essential Starter Words 2. LIKES/WANTS/NEEDS/EMOTIONS pgs. 12-13 2.1 Likes, Wants, and Needs 2.2 How To Say The Negatives of Likes, Wants, or Needs 2.3 Feelings - How To Express What You Are Feeling 3. THE FIRST PHRASES YOU NEED TO KNOW pgs. 14-15 3.1 The Phrases You Just Can't Live Without 3.2 Basic Questions and Responses for Everyday Situations 3.3 The Best Questions To Use When…… 4. THE KEY TO UNLOCKING YOUR TONGUE pgs. 16-20 *How To Say Over 500 Phrases In Just 10 days. 4.1 How To Use Present Tense Verbs 4.2 ***The Top 100 Most Important Verbs*** 4.3 The Basic Words Section Two The Technical – The Necessary Details 5. VERB TENSES pgs. 22-23 5.1 Past Tense Verbs 5.2 Present Tense Verbs 5.3 Future Tense Verbs
4. 4 6. COMMANDS pgs. 24-25 6.1 How To Form Commands With Any Verb 6.2 The Best Commands To Use When…. 7. POSSESSIVES pgs. 26-27 7.1 The 5 Possessive Stems 7.2 How to Form Possessives Correctly 8. COMMON GRAMMER ISSUES pgs. 28-29 8.1 How To Use have Correctly 8.2 How To Say with…. me, you, him/her, them, and us 8.3 Locatives (in, at, here, there…..) 9. ADJECTIVES pgs. 30-31 9.1 The Top 20 Most Important Adjective Stems 9.2 How To Use An Adjective Correctly Section Three The Practical – Applying What You Know 10. AT SCHOOL pgs. 33-35 10.1 Classroom Vocabulary 10.2 Phrases And Commands You Need To Know As A Teacher 11. AT THE CLINIC pgs. 36-37 11.1 Parts of the Body 11.2 Clinic Vocabulary 11.3 Phrases To Use At The Clinic 12. BUSINESS pg. 38 12.1 Important Vocabulary 12.2 Useful Phrases 13. AT HOME pgs. 39-43 13.1 Cooking, Food, and Drinks 13.2 Clothing 13.3 Family 13.4 Talking to Children 13.5 Useful Small Talk
5. 5 14. IN THE VILLAGE pgs. 44-46 14.1 Shopping 14.2 Navigating and Directions 14.3 Plants and Animals 15. DAYS, TIME AND WEATHER pgs. 47-48 15.1 Days Of The Week 15.2 Time Related Words 15.3 Useful Expressions About Weather 15.4 Months and Seasons 16. COUNTING – How to count up to 100 pg. 49 Numbers, from 1 to 100 17. THE ROAD AHEAD pg. 50 Putting The Puzzle Together 10 Tips On How To Become Fluent Rukwangali Exercises Appendix A – Noun Classes pgs. 51-54 Appendix B – Rukwangali Idioms, Expressions and Riddles pgs. 56-57 Appendix C – Verb Chart pgs. 58-64
6. 6 Introduction – A Must Read Rukwangali 101 making sense of the madness "I'm just not good at learning languages." "Rukwangali just doesn't make any sense to me." "I tried learning but..... I gave up." Does that sound familiar to you? Well, the truth is - most people aren't "bad" at learning languages. They are bad, as I am, at attempting to memorize zero- gratification tables, words, and charts that seem utterly useless, confusing, and are hard to apply. Most people start off strong and motivated, but end up confused or overwhelmed and then eventually give up learning before any real progress is made. If that sounds like you, I want you to forget everything you think about your "skill" in learning a new language. Do you have a brain? Good - then you have more than enough. This book will break things down, cut out the fat, and ignore the unimportant. By avoiding boring memorization of the non-essential and focusing on high frequency words, learning Rukwangali will actually be easy. There is also very little linguistic jargon used in this book. You might say, "Well how am I supposed to learn all the rules without knowing what everything is called then?" That is a great question, but just think back to when you were a baby: Did you learn English by your parents telling you? -"Now, this is how you use the present progressive form of a being verb in noun class 8." I highly doubt it. You learned by listening and practicing, regardless of whether you knew what the rules were called. If you learn everything in this book, you can expect to be relatively conversational in less than 2 months. How is that even possible? Well, high frequency words are the key, and here is why: Let's take, for example, the 20 volumes of the Oxford English Dictionary, which easily contain over 250,000 words. Ouch. If you were trying to learn English, how could you possibly learn that many words? The task is daunting and near impossible, unless you have the mind of Stephen Hawking and want to spend 30+ years memorizing words you will never use. Luckily, for the average minded person such as myself, the 100 most common words in English make up for 50% of all printed material in the U.S. If you expand that list to the top 300 words, then that percentage increases to 65%. So, learning a mere 300 words of English would theoretically allow you to be able to read 65% of any newspaper or book. You could learn just ten new words a day and be done with the task in one month. One month! That isn't so bad is it? Language learning seems much less scary when you think about like that. As I said, learning high frequency words is the key to learning Rukwangali (or any language for that matter). The Power of Grouping If you ever feel overwhelmed when learning a new language, it is probably because you are trying to learn too much, too fast. If you try to learn 100 new words a day, you most likely will only remember a small fraction of what you learned the next day, and even less the day after. Breaking the language down into manageable groups will do the trick. It has been proven that people can remember new vocabulary better
7. 7 when it is broken into related groups of 10 words or less. It helps anchor the words into the brain, making them easier to recall when you need to say them. The good thing for you is, all of the words in this book have already been logically (somewhat logically at least) grouped into related sets of around 10 words. Grouping words will accelerate your learning and quickly lead you down the road of success. The Importance of Small Wins It is important to know that your learning progression will look something like the graph below. You will start off strong and motivated in your first month, then get confused and probably falter, then muster up a small amount of effort to continue, and then hit a long plateau just before you EXPLODE with knowledge after your brain and ears adapt to the new language. The problem is, most people give up after they get confused or are in the plateau stage when they are not seeing a noticeable improvement. If you plan ahead and expect your learning to be a roller coaster ride, your are much less likely to give up. Because, if you give up, there is no point in trying at all. If you focus on learning a small amount each day, you will stay more motivated because you will continually notice improvement on a daily basis - consider that a "small win". You will end up having a smoother roller coaster ride with smaller lows and higher highs. And remember, the more that you learn, the easier everything will become. So stay positive, don't give up, and remember to celebrate the small wins.
8. 8 Section One The Essential The Building Blocks of Rukwangali "One never realizes how much and how little he knows until he starts talking." -Louis L' Amour Author How much do you know already? If you are just starting to learn Rukwangali, probably not very much – yet. The Essential contains the first words and phrases you need to know, as well as the most important concepts to help get you speaking, fast. These are the building blocks of Rukwangali so you need to drill these words and phrases into your head with consistent repetition and verbal practice. The better understanding you have of the basics, the easier everything else will seem that follows. Before you move on to the other sections, make sure that you have mastered all of the contents found here. Once you have learned a word or phrase, put a check by it with a red pen. Seriously, it helps.
9. 9 Chapter 1 GREETINGS 1.1 Morning Greetings *There are two types of greetings – The short one and the long one. Type 1 – the short one A. Morokeni Greetings / Good morning. B. Morokeni none. Good morning to you also. A. Ngapi? How are you? B. Nawa. Awo? I am fine. And you? *Awo is the respectful form of you A. Nawa. I am fine. B. Ewa. Ok. Type 2 – the long one. This is like a rehearsed script. The elder will always start. A. Morokeni Greetings / Good morning. B. Morokeni none. Good morning to you also. A. Nawa? Are you good? B. Yii. Yes. A. Ehh. Ohhhh. B. Awo? And you? A. Yii. Yes. B. Nawa. That is good. A. Nawa. That is good. 1.2 Afternoon Greetings There is only ONE thing that changes in the afternoon. Instead of starting with morokeni, you start with metaha, which means good afternoon. This greeting is used from 11:00 am until about 3:00 pm. A. Metaha. Good afternoon. B. Metaha none. Good afternoon to you also. Then, the greeting will either proceed as type 1 or type 2, by either asking "Ngapi?"or "Nawa?" Do you get it? 1.3 Evening Greetings Just like with the afternoon greeting, the one thing that changes is - instead of saying morokeni or metaha, you start with ngurova, which means good evening. This greeting is used after dark.
10. 10 A. Ngurova. Good evening B. Ngurova none. Good evening to you also. Cultural information: - If you meet someone in your village, they are likely to assume you do not speak Rukwangali, and therefore will not greet you. If this happens, you can politely ask an elder to greet you by saying "kundeninge" (literally – greet me). - It is important to greet before starting a conversation, whether you are speaking in person, on the phone, or via SMS. - When greeting an elder in the village, females should bend their knees slightly, and males should nod their heads. - It is common to shake hands when greeting - Morokeni can be used as a greeting throughout the day, even in the afternoon and early evening. 1.4 Basic Phrases to Introduce Yourself Key Words Edina name Nomvhura years Dingapi how many? Kupi? where? Kara stay Tunda come from Lyange my (possessive) Lyoge your (possessive) Rugana do / work Mulizambeli volunteer Sure school Sipangero clinic Introduce Yourself Edina lyoge yilye? - What is your name? Edina lyange Maxima. - My name is Maxima. (years) (yours) (how many) Nomvhura doge dingapi? – How old are you? Nomvhura dange norontatu. – I am 30 years old. Kupi wa tunda? – Where are you from?  Ame kwa tunda koNkurenkuru. – I am from Nkurenkuru. Yike o rugana? – What do you do?  Ame mulizambeli goPeace Corps. – I am a Peace Corps volunteer.  Ame mulizambeli kuronga posure. – I am a volunteer teacher at the school.  Ame mulizambeli kurugana kosipangero. – I am a volunteer at the clinic.  Ame mulizambeli gomunangesefa. – I am a business volunteer.
11. 11 1.5 Saying Goodbye You have several choices when you are leaving. 1. Mbaa. – Bye. 2. Kuna kuza. – I am going. (If you are already on your way) 3. Tani zi….. kembo / ko sitora. – I am going….. home / to the store. (If you are leaving soon) Or, if you are feeling fancy, say: 1. Kareni po nawa. – Stay well. (Say this if you are the one leaving.) 2. Ewa, gendeni po nawa. – Ok, go well. (Say this if you are the one staying.) 3. Tani wiza ntaantani. – I'm coming right back. 4. Natu limona. – See you later. 1.6 Essential Starter Words Personal Pronouns Ame I Ove you One you (plural) Age he/she Awo them (or respectful form of you) Ose we Polite Words Mpandu Thank you. Mbili Sorry/Pardon Question Words Ngapi? How? / What? Yilye? Who? Yinke? What? Kupi? Where? Morwasinke? Why? Ezuvake? When? (Literally "what day")
12. 12 Chapter 2 Likes/Wants/Needs/Feelings 2.1 Likes, Wants, and Needs Ame kwa hara... I like / love... Like, love and want are the same Na hara... I want... word (hara) but they're used in Na hepa... I need... different ways to show meaning. Examples Ame kwa hara kudana mbara. I like to play soccer. Na kuhara. I like you. / I love you. Na hara kuza kembo. I want to go home. Na hepa kuranda mboroto. I need to buy bread. 2.2 Negatives - Things you don't like, or want, or need - To make it negative, add kapi: Ame kapi na hara... I don't like / love... Kapi na hara... I don't want... Kapi na hepa... I don't need... 2.3 Basic Feelings - How to express the way you are feeling Expressing feelings (like many things) in Rukwangali is a little tricky, since there is not one universal way to say I am ____ or I feel ____. So, you have to pair up the correct feelings with the correct expression. It might sound confusing at first, but there are only several expressions that you need to know to be effective. - There are several different ways to express the way you are feeling. Here are four to help you get started: 1.) Nzara na ku zuvha. I am hungry. (literally, hungry I feel) 2.) Na hafa. I am happy. 3.) Ame tani vera. I am sick. 4.) Kuna kukumawuka. I am dozing/sleepy. The feeling words are bolded, and the different expressions for I am are shown next to the bolded words. Now, lets pair everything up correctly 1.) The feelings that go with : (feeling) na kuzuvha Feeling Phrase Nzara hungry Nzara na ku zuvha. I am hungry. Enota thirsty Enota na ku zuvha. I am thirsty. Udwadwa bored Udwadwa na ku zuvha. I am bored. Woma afraid Woma na ku zuvha. I am afraid. Fudu jealous Fudu na ku zuvha. I am jealous.
13. 13 2.) The feelings that go with: Na (feeling) Feeling Phrase Hafa happy Na hafa. I am happy. Roroka tired Na roroka. I am tired. Handuka angry Na handuka. I am angry. Guvu sad Na guvu. I am sad. Tetuka surprised Na tetuka. I am surprised. Kuta full Na kuta. I am full. (or satisfied.) 3.) The feelings that go with : Ame (ni/tani/no) (feeling) (these phrases are irregular and have either ni, tani, no or nothing in front of them) Feeling Phrase Muwawa fine Ame ni muwawa. I am fine. Vera sick Ame tani vera. I am sick. Muga shy Ame no muga. I am shy. Ukenya rude Ame ukenya. I am rude. Muwa smart/good Ame muwa. I am smart/good. 4.) The feelings that go with : Kuna (feeling) Feeling Phrase Kukumawuka to doze Kuna kukumawuka. I am sleepy/dozing. Kara nosinka to be worried Kuna kara nosinka. I am worried. Kuvera to be sick Kuna kuvera. I am sick. Note: For all of these expressions, you can use "ame" at the beginning if you choose, but for those in category 3 it is necessary all the time. Common Questions About Feelings Enota o ku zuvha? - Are you thirsty? Yii, enota na ku zuvha. – Yes, I am thirsty. Nzara o ku zuvha? - Are you hungry? Yii, na hara kulya! – Yes, I want to eat! O kuta? - Are you full? Hawe, kapi na kuta. – No, I am not full. Yii, na kuta. – Yes, I am full
14. 14 Chapter 3 The First Phrases You Need To Know crash course for day one in the village Key words Kuuyunga to speak Kulironga to learn/to study Yimaliva money Kupura to ask Kuzuvha to understand/to feel Kurugana to do Kupi where Kuza to go Kembo house / home Kwato nothing 3.1 The phrases you can't live without Penge ko yimaliva. – Give me money.  Kwato yimaliva. – I don't have any money. Wa ha purange yimaliva. – Don't ask me for money. Hageka kupurange yuma. – Stop asking me for things. Kapi na ku yizuvha. – I don't understand. Kapi ani uyunga Rukwangali. – I don't speak Rukwangali. Uyunga mo Ruingilisa. – Speak in English. Ame kulironga Rukwangali nkenye ezuvha. – I study Rukwangali everyday. Yimo na ku gazara. – I think so. Kapi na ku yigazara ngoso. – I don't think so. Kapi na diva. – I don't know. Name. – Me too. None? – You too? Wiza. – Come. Wiza oku. – Come here. 3.2 Basic Questions and Responses for Everyday Situations Yinke o rugana? – What are you doing?  Kwato. – Nothing.  Tani resa buke. – I am reading a book. Kupi o kuza? – Where are you going?  Tani zi ko sitora. – I am going to the store. Kupi ko kere? – Where were you?  Kembo – At home.  KoRundu. - In Rundu.
15. 15 3.3 The Best Questions To Use When.... *When you are confused…… Ngapi o situmbura…? How do you say…..? Yinke ya ku tanta? What does that mean? Yinke o yo? What is that? Yinke o ku zora? Why are you laughing? Usili? – Really? / Are you serious?  Usili. – It's true. / I am serious. *When you are looking for someone ….. Kupi o kara? Where are you? Kupi…. Steph? Where is…. Steph? Kupi ko kere? Where were you? Kupi o kuza? Where are you going? Yilye ogu? Who is he/she? *When you are going somewhere ….. O hara ku wiza name? – Do you want to go with me? Yii, na hara kuza nove. – Yes, I want to go with you. O liwapa yikire? – Are you ready? Yii, na liwapa yikire. – Yes, I am ready. Ngapi kuwawa… ko sitora / ko ngereka? – Was (the store / church) good?  Kwa wapa unene... ko sitora / ko ngereka. – It was very good. *When you need clarification…. O yizuvhu? - Do you understand?  Yii, na yizuvhu. – Yes, I understand. O kara no mapuro? - Do you have questions?  Yii, na kara nepuro. – Yes, I have a question. Yinke o rugana? - What have you done? / What did you do?  Kwato. – Nothing. Yinke o hara? - What do you want? (Or: what do you like / love?)  Na hara kuuyunga na Maxima. – I want to talk to Maxima. O mana? – Are you finished?  Na mana. – I am finished. Vilike ezi? - What time is it?
16. 16 Chapter 4 The Key to Unlocking Your Tongue How to say 500 phrases in just 10 days 4.1 How to Use Present Tense Verbs So, there are 5 practical ways to use verbs in the present tense when speaking about yourself. Look at the examples below to see how. Kutjanga – to write 1. Ame kutjanga. I write. 2. Ame kwa ku tjanga. I am writing. 3. Na hara kutjanga. I want to write. 4. Ame kwa hara kutjanga. I like to write. 5. Na hepa kutjanga. I need to write. Kuza- to go 1. Ame kuza. I go. 2. Ame kwa ku za. I am going. 3. Na hara kuza. I want to go. 4. Ame kwa hara kuza. I like to go. 5. Na hepa kuza. I need to go. Or, if you are talking to someone Kulironga- to study 1. Ove kulironga. You study. 2. Ove kwa kulironga. You are studying. 3. O hara kulironga? Do you want to study? 4. Wa hara kulironga? Do you like to study? 5. Wa hepa kulironga. You need to study. Do you see how easy it is to express yourself using just those five expressions that you already know? You simply tag the verb on the end of the expression, and what you can say is nearly limitless. On the next two pages, you will find a list of the top 100 used verbs in any language. You should focus on learning approximately 10 new verbs per day. Ten words? That is no problem at all! Do that, and you will be able to express yourself in 99% of all situations in merely 10 days. Keep with it. Focus on one group of words at a time and no more. Once you have mastered a verb and can recite it without looking at the definition, put a check next to it and move on. If there is a verb that you don't think you will ever need or use, skip it. There is no need to spend time on learning what you won't use. You will be able to say about 500 simple phrases when you are done. Enjoy.
17. 17 4.2 The Top 100ish Verbs Feelings Kuhara - to want / to like / to love Kuhepa – to need Kuzuvha – to hear / to understand Kuzora – to laugh Kumenya-menya – to smile Kuteura – to joke Kupura – to believe / to ask Kuhafa – to be happy Kulira – to cry Kulizuvha – to feel / to agree Travel Kugenda – to go / to walk / to travel Kurugana – to do / to make / to work Kudingura – to visit Kuhundira - to borrow Kureta - to bring Kugwana - to find Kudana – to dance Kudimba – to sing Kuzigida – to call Kuroka – to rain At Home Kurara – to sleep Kupinduka – to wake up Kudwara – to dress Kutjindja - to change Kukuhwa – to wash Kulikuhwa – to bathe Kuwapeka – to fix Kutunga – to build / to live Kudiruka – to leave (forever) Kuza – to go Sports Kuduka – to run Kudana – to play Kuvhura – can / to be able to Kuzogana – to swim Kuremana - to hurt Kuzumbanesa - to lose Kuvena – to win Kutjimpuka – to sweat Kutameka - to start/begin Kumana - to finish School Part 1 Kuuyunga – to talk / to speak Kulironga – to study / to learn Kuronga – to teach Kutjanga – to write Kuresa – to read Kufaneka – to draw Kukwita – to paint / to smear Kutanta – to tell Kuhingira – to sit Kusikama - to stand / to stop School Part 2 Kupurakena – to listen Kufaturura - to explain Kutara – to watch / to see Kusikisamo - to succeed Kugazara - to think Kudivara - to forget Kudiva - to know Kutona – to beat Kuvarura – to count Kukomba – to sweep Kuharaka – to rake Kitchen Kulya – to eat Kunwa – to drink Kutereka – to cook Kumakera – to taste Kuteta – to cut Kunuka – to smell Kurunga – to stir Kutura – to put Kutjira – to pour Kuzwida - to fill Health Kuvera – to be sick Kusivana – to complain Kukohora – to cough Kugwa - to fall Kuteka - to break Kukora – to pain Kupwizumuka – to rest Kureta – to give birth / to bring
18. 18 The Store Kuranda – to buy Kurandesa – to sell Kugusa – to take Kugwana – to get Kumona – to see Kufuta – to pay Kuzegurura – to open Kupata – to close Kuruganesa - to spend Computers Kuruganesa - to use Kulimburura - to reply Kutuma - to send Kundindira - to wait Kuliwapaikira – to organize Kugwaneka – to fit Kutopatopa (or Kutayipa) – to type Kutambura - to accept / to receive Kuhagekesa - to cancel Kupulisira - to allow Add your own helpful verbs here
19. 19 4.3 THE BASIC WORDS These are some of the most basic words you can use to form sentences and knowing them will help you tremendously in the long run. By using these words in combination with the verb phrases you just learned, you will be able to form much more complex and meaningful sentences. Personal Pronouns Ame I Ove you Age he / she Awo them One they / you (plural) Ose us / we Question Words Ngapi? How? / What? Yilye? Who? Yinke? What? Kupi? Where? Morwasinke? Why? Ezuvake? When? (what day?) Yingapi? How much? Conjunctions Morwa because Ntani and Mara but Nsene if Hena also Asi apparently Makura and then Ndi or Time Words Mpamwe maybe / sometimes Rorunzi often Kenye apa always Kuhova first Ngesi now Kuhulilira last Quantity Words Yoyinzi more / many Yoyinunu little / few Navenye most (people) Nayinye most / all (things) Vamwe some (people) Yimwe some (things) Tupu only Ntaantani almost / soon Nouns Sininke thing Evega place Prepositions Kumwe with Kutundilira from Komeho in front Konyima behind Konzega beside Pokatji between Keguru above Kohi below Monda inside Ponze outside Pepi near Ure far Examples of More Complex Sentences Na hara kuza kositora morwa na hepa kuranda mboroto. I want to go to the store because I need to buy bread. Nsene kapi wa hara kulya yisima, makura waha yi lya! If you don't like to eat porridge, then don't eat it!
20. 20 Kwa hara kuza koRundu ndi koDivundu? Do you want to go to Rundu or Divundu? Po kuduka ame kutjimpuka, makura na hepa kulikuhwa apa nani mana. When I run I sweat, so I need to bathe when/after I am finished.
21. 21 Section Two The Technical The Necessary Details Kate: "Are you reading the dictionary?" White: "Oh, you caught me. I like to break a mental sweat too." - Dodgeball, the movie Are you ready to break a mental sweat? The Technical contains the necessary details about Rukwangali that you need to know in the beginning. Even if you don't think you will need to know everything in this section, it will help you in one way or another. For example, you might think to yourself - I don't want to waste my time learning about adjectives. I don't need that. Well, you might not need to use adjectives when you are speaking, but it will help you understand other people when they are speaking, instead of getting "hung up" on part of the phrase that you don't understand. It is easy to feel overwhelmed by the details, so expect to feel more frustrated in this section. However, once you learn everything here (notice how I did not say if you learn everything here), your understanding of Rukwangali will be much higher and the rules that guide the language will soon guide you.
22. 22 Chapter 5 Verb Tenses verb usage decoded First, let me start by saying that verb tenses in Rukwangali are often confusing for English speakers because of these little punks called concords. Concords do not exist in Englsih, so it is hard for us to wrap our head around them. So instead of addressing a terribly confusing concept, I will simply avoid them – easy solution right? I will try to avoid lingustic jargon such as "concords" and aim for clear explaination on how to apply them, without even explaining what they are. Remember, understanding the nit picky details and names of rules won't help you speak faster – recognizing patterns and using them will. *Focus on understanding the 5 rules for each of the past, present, and future tenses. That is only 15 rules total you need to learn! Easy, easy, easy. Key words Nkera Yesterday Neina Today Mungura Tomorrow 5.1 Past Tense Verbs Kani zire kositora nkera. I went to the store yesterday. Kani dukire nkera. I ran yesterday. Kani resere buke nkera. I read a book yesterday See the pattern? So, to say a phrase in the past tense, you simply say Kani (I in the past tense) and then take the ku- off the front of the verb, and then change the end of the verb to the past tense. You will need to memorize the past tense verb endings (see Appendix C for a list), but the more you learn, the more intuituve they will be. Kani zire kositora nkera. I went to the store yesterday Ko zire kositora nkera. You went to the store yesterday. Ka zire kositora nkera. He/she went to the store yesterday. Kava zire kositora nkera. They went to the store yesterday. Katu zire kositora nkera. We went to the store yesterday. RULES FOR PAST TENSE 1. I = kani + past tense verb 2. You = ko + past tense verb 3. He/she = ka + past tense verb 4. They = kava + past tense verb 5. We = katu + past tense verb Verb Past Tense Verb kuza zire kurugana rugene kudimba dimbire
23. 23 5.2 Present Tense Verbs You should already be very familiar with how to use verbs in the present tense about yourself, as learned in the previous section. However, we will introduce concords in this section, so things will look a bit different. Tani resa buke. I am reading a book. To resa buke. You are reading a book. Ta resa buke. He/she is reading a book. Tava resa buke. They are reading a book. Tatu resa buke. We are reading a book. RULES FOR PRESENT TENSE 1. I = tani + verb 2. You = to + verb 3. He/she = ta + verb 4. They = tava + verb 5. We = tatu + verb 5.3 Future Tense Verbs Ngani za koNkurenkuru mungura. I will go to Nkurenkuru tomorrow. Ngo za koNkurenkuru mungura. You will go to Nkurenkuru tomorrow. Nga za koNkurenkuru mungura. He/she will go to Nkurenkuru tomorrow. Ngava za koNkurenkuru mungura. They will go to Nkurenkuru tomorrow. Ngatu za koNkurenkuru mungura. We will go to Nkurenkuru tomorrow. RULES FOR FUTURE TENSE 1. I = ngani + future tense verb 2. You = ngo + future tense verb 3. He/she = nga + future tense verb 4. They = ngava + future tense verb 5. We = ngatu + future tense verb (To form a verb in the future tense, you simply take off the "ku", the same as you do for present tense)
24. 24 Chapter 6 Commands The Key to Speaking With Authority 6.1 How To Form Commands Forming commands out of verbs in Rukwangali is actually quite easy. All you have to do is take off the ku- at the beginning of the verb, and voila! You have a command! Examples: Verb Command Meaning Kulya Lya! Eat! Kuduka Duka! Run! Kutjanga Tjanga! Write! These rules can be applied to nearly every verb you know. If you remember the list of the Top 100 Verbs, you can already form 100 commands. 6.2 The Best Commands To Use When... *When telling someone to come with you… Wiza tu ze kumwe. Come, lets go together. Tu zeni. Lets go. *When telling someone to go away… Kaze kembo! Go home! Zende pena. Go there. Pwageni! Get out! (all of you) Wa ha dane na apa! Don't play here! Kadaneneni kwina! Go play there! (all of you) *When telling someone wait for you… Ndindira na kauke! Wait a minute! Ndindirange! Wait for me! *When you are asking for something… Penge ko…? Give me …? Kuvhura o penge…? Can you give me…? (more polite) *When you are in a hurry…
25. 25 Genderera! Hurry up! Wiza usimbu-simbu! Come here quickly! *When you can't hear… Ziguruka unene. Speak loudly. Uyunga nakauke. Speak slowly. Tanterange… Tell me…. Mweneni. Be quiet. (all of you) Rugurura mo Repeat yourself Yinke? What? Add your own commands here
26. 26 Chapter 7 Possessives 7.1 The 5 possessive stems. Memorize these. -ange mine -oge yours -endi his/hers -awo theirs -etu ours 7.2 How to form possessives correctly Lets break it down and figure out when and how to use these possessives correctly in combination with their noun prefixes. Noun Prefix Possessive Prefix mu-/va- gw-/v- mu-/nomu- gw-/d e-/ma- ly-/g- si-/yi- s-/y- n-/no- z-/d- ru-/maru- rw-/g- ka-/tu- k-/tw- u-/mau- w-/g- ku-/ma- kw-/g- You might look at this and say, "What the heck does this table mean?" Let me explain – if the noun begins with ka- (the noun prefix), then the possessive will start with k- (the possessive prefix – technically called a possessive concord). They are paired up. Examples Murongwa gwange. My learner. Nomutwe detu. Our heads. Edina lyendi. His/her name. Sindini soge. Your container. Nobuke dawo. Their books. Rupasa rwetu. Our plate. Kana kange. My mouth. Usura woge. Your flour. Kutwi kwange. My ear.
27. 27 If you have trouble remembering the correct possessive prefixes in the table above, focus on remembering the stems. For example, whenever you hear the stem –etu, you know that the person speaking just said ours, regardless of what the prefix was. Basic understanding is what we are shooting for, not perfection – not yet anyway. When you are the one speaking, even if you attach the wrong prefix to the possessive stem, you will still be understood. So as I said, focus on learning and recognizing the possessive stems – those are the keys to learning possessives.
28. 28 Chapter 8 Common Grammar Issues Deciphering the Hieroglyphics 8.1 How to use have correctly. Na kara no… I have a… Na kara no mbisi. I have a cat. O kara no pena ndi? Do you have a pen? O kara no _________ ndi? Do you have a ________? *adding ndi to the end of the phrase turns it into a question. Na kara no… I have… O kara no… You have… A kara no…. He/she has… Va kara no… They have… Twa kara no… We have… 8.2 How to say with…. me, you, him/her, them, or us. Name with me Nove with you Nage with him/her Nawo with them Nose with us Examples O hara kuwiza name? Do you want to come with me? Nove na kuuyunga. I am speaking with you. Na hara kuza nove. I want to go with you. Na hara kuza nage. I want to go with him/her. Tomu zi nawo? Are you going with them? O hara kuwiza nose? Do you want to come with us? Ame kwa kuuyunga naThenga. I am speaking with Thenga. 8.3 Locatives This is certainly an advanced topic that you may or may not want to try to learn if you don't want to confuse yourself. If you are going for the gold, then try to learn these. They will help you in the long run.
29. 29 * How to say in, at, and on Mo = in Mo nzugo. In the house. Zende mo. Go in. Wiza mo./Hwilira mo. Come in. Kara membo. Stay in the house. (used as a prefix in this case) Po = at Hingira posipundi. Sit on the chair. Kara pembo Stay at home. (used as a prefix in this case) Ko = to Tani zi kosure. I am going to school. Wiza kembo. Come home. (used as a prefix in this case) * How to say here, there, over there, and in here. Apa = here Tura nyama apa. Put the meat here. (on top of something, like a plate) Pena = there Tura nyama pena. Put the meat there. (nearby) Kwina = over there Ture nyama kwina. Put the meat over there. (over yonder) Omu = in here Ture nyama omu. Put the meat in here. (inside of a something, like a pot)
30. 30 Chapter 9 Adjectives If you feel overwhelmed by this section, skip it and come back once you are more comfortable with the language. All of the adjectives listed below are called adjective stems – meaning, they come after the prefix. You will learn how to attach the correct prefix to the adjectives on the next page. 9.1 Important Adjective Stems Appearance -wa beautiful / nice -dona bad / ugly Difficulty/Weight -digu difficult / heavy -reru easy / light Intelligence -wa smart / good -nongo knowledgeable / science -gova dumb / stupid Condition -‐kuwora wet -‐kukuta dry -‐zeresa clean -‐nyata dirty -‐twe sharp (as in a blade) Size -nene big -nunu small -toswa fat -tongama thin -re tall / long -supi short Temperature -upyu hot -utenda cold Taste -tovara sweet / delicious -ruru sour -vihu not ripe Attitude -nkenda friendly / kind -ukenya stern -wudwa lazy -ugara aggressive -utwini naughty -udumbe selfish / mean Colors -geha red -sineguru blue -henga yellow -umburaugeha purple -sinamahako green -kusamuka grey -umbombo brown -zera white -sovagani black Learning the adjective stems is easy, and learning the correct prefix to attach to the front of the adjective will be easy after you learn this rule:
31. 31 9.2 The Rules for Adjective Prefixes The adjective prefix corresponds to the prefix of the noun to which it refers. Mugara mudwa. The man is lazy. (See the underlined prefixes?) There are two common ways to use adjectives. Notice that the prefixes in both the noun and the adjective are identical. The fact that this is usually true makes using adjectives much easier than it seems after you get the hang of it. You can say either: 1.) Nonkaku nonene. The shoes are big. 2.) Nonkaku dononene. The big shoes. *So, to say The big shoes, you just have to add do to the front of the adjective. This will change depending on the noun class. Here are some examples. More Examples Mugara mudwa. The man is lazy. Mugara gomudwa. The lazy man. Eguni lyange evihu. My orange is not ripe. Eguni lyange lyevihu. My unripe orange. Simbindja sigeha. The shirt is red. Simbindja sosigeha. A red shirt. Nzugo zange nunu. My house is small. (no prefix needed) Nzugo zange zonunu. My small house. Rutugo rwanyata. The spoon is dirty. Rutugo rokunyata. The dirty spoon. Kayoro katwe. The blade is sharp. Kayoro kokatwe. The sharp blade. Usura uzera. The flour is white. Usura wowuzera. The white flour. Again, notice that in all of these examples, the prefix of the adjective is usually same as the prefix of the noun. However, even if you don't use the prefix correctly, you will still be understood when speaking based on the stem that you use. You speaking does not have to be perfect and it won't "come" to you overnight, but with practice – you will be able to use and understand adjectives with no problem at all.
32. 32 Section Three The Practical Applying What You Know "My words itch at your ears till you understand them." -Walt Whitman Author The Practical contains a lot of useful vocabulary that can be helpful depending on what your job is and where you live. Focus on learning what is applicable to you. For example, if you are a teacher, you probably don't need to learn the same words and phrases as a volunteer that works in the clinic. If you don't live in the village, then you might not need to learn about plants and animals. You are almost done with this book, so keep your spirits high and your tongue ready to speak!
33. 33 Chapter 10 At School Teaching will seem much easier if you have a better understanding of words and phrases that are commonly used and can be helpful inside the classroom. You may not need to know all of the phrases below, but remember – the more you know, the more you can say to the learners and the more you will understand them if they ask questions. All of the phrases are broken up into smaller groups of related ideas. As always, focus on one group of phrases at a time and start slowly chipping away at the monster, one group at a time. If you feel overwhelmed, slow down and start with less. 10.1 School Vocabulary About the School Sure school Murongi teacher Murongwa learner Mukombi/Muzeresi - cleaner Mukurona sure - principal Vantu people Harade grade Pause break Subjects Sirongwa Subject Ruingilisa English Muvaru Math Hisitori History Unongo Science Unandima Agriculture Classroom Vocabulary Mapuro questions Maudigu problem Sitafura desk, table Sipundi chair Sipepa paper Sitendeso ruler Mpezo chalk Sitafuratjango chalkboard Sikombesa broom Hando trash Mbapira notebook Pena zekara pencil Pena pena 10.2 Commands & Phrases - You Need To Know As A Teacher Powerful Commands Tareni kwange! Look at me! (all of you) Hingireni! Sit down! (all of you) Sikameni! Stand up! (all of you) Purakeneni! Pay attention! (all of you) Uyunga unene! Speak loudly! Mweneni! Be quiet! (all of you) Reta nonsapi! Bring the keys!
34. 34 About Comprehension O yizuvhu? Do you understand? O kara nomapuro? Do you have questions? O hepa mbatero? Do you need help? Mwa mana? Are you done?(plural) Penge elimbururo? What is the answer? (literally- give me the answer) Yilye a diva elimbururo? Who knows the answer? O yi pulisako? Do you agree? Zerura ewoko meguru nsene o yizuvhu. – Raise your arm if you understand. Zerura ewoko meguru nsene kapi o yizuvhu. – Raise your arm if you don't understand. *in Rukwangali you say raise your arm instead of raise your hand Commands Regarding Learning Tjangeni eyi. Write this down. Tjangeni usimbu. Write quickly. Yikwateni momutwe. Memorize this. Ruganeni pwa wowu udigu. Work on this problem. (plural) Ruganeni yirugana namupe. Do the work I gave you. Diworokeni kulironga. Remember to study. Phrases Regarding Books Kudumikeni nobuke deni. Close your books. Kudumuneni nobuke deni. Open your books. Hagekeni kutjanga. Stop writing. Namuvenye tjangeni. Everyone should be writing. Reteni nombapria deni! Bring your notebooks! Mwa penge namuvenye nombapira deni? - Did everyone give me their notebooks? Motivational Statements Elirongo mulyo unene. Education is very important. Mwa kona kurugana unene. You need to try harder. Erugano eli tali kakara lyonopenta. This work will be for a grade. Mwa ha kara nowoma kulimburura. Don't be afraid to answer. Kapisi uhunga. That is not correct. Mohunga. That is correct. Wa kona kupurakena. You need to pay attention.
35. 35 Tomu piti nsene nomuheteka. You will pass if you try. Basic Phrases and Questions About School In General Kupi o rugana? – Where do you work?  Kurugana kosure. – I work at the school. Ame murongi goRuingilisa. – I am an English teacher. Ame murongi gomuvaru posure zaMayenzere. – I am a math teacher at Mayenzere Sirongwa musinke o rongo? – What subject do you teach?  Kuronga Ruingilisa. - I teach English. Harade zaungapi o rongo? – What grade do you teach? Kuronga harade zawu ntazimwe nezi zowu ntambali. – I teach grade 6 and 7. Varongwa vangapi va kara monkondwarongero zoge? – How many learners are in your class? Kwa kara novarongwa norontatu nkondworongero zange - I have thirty learners in my class. Add your own helpful phrases here
36. 36 Chapter 11 At the Clinic head and shoulders, knees and toes, knees and toes 11.1 Parts of the body Head Mutwe head Sipara face Nohuki hair Nsingo neck Kana mouth Ezuru nose Eraka tongue Eho (plural meho) – eye Etwi (pl. matwi) - ear Ezego (pl. mazego) – tooth Mid – section Ewoko (pl. mawoko) arm/hand Nyara (pl. nonyara) finger/toe Ezimo stomach Ehuli liver Mapunga lungs Mutjima heart Mavere breasts Lower Body Eguru (pl. maguru) leg Mpadi (pl. nompadi) foot Ngoro (pl. nongoro) knee Matako buttocks Enino anus Eda penis Nyo vagina 11.2 Clinic Vocabulary muveli patient muhakuli nurse sipangero sosinunu clinic sipangero sosinene hospital vendwa injection honde blood nopera tablets vitamine vitamin singumi condom monzugo kokutawira operating room monzugo kokuhampurukira - maternity ward monzugo zovagara male ward monzugo zovakadi female ward monzugo zovanona children's ward kira mortuary Diseases/Conditions kambumburu virus kukagura infection pyupyara fever kambumburu koHIV HIV virus AIDS (ehamba) AIDS tibi tuberculosis esakisa cold / flu kankwenyenye chicken pox marariya malaria erondolyohonde high blood pressure uvera wosuka diabetes kwa kara nezimo pregnant kukora pain Verbs kukandana to prevent kuverura to cure kuhakura to treat kunwa to take medication kuhupira to use an enema kugusa upyu to take temperature kuviha to weigh
37. 37 Sample Dialogue in a Clinic Kupi o kuzuvha kukora? – Where are you feeling pain?  Ame kuna kukora mezimo. – I have a stomachache. Ezuvake kayi vare kere kukora? – When did it start?  Kayi vare kere nkera lina. – It started the day before yesterday. Ewa, kazeni mukagwane nomutji deni. – Ok, go collect your tablets. Ewa, mpandu unene. – Ok, thank you very much. 11.3 Basic Phrases Regarding Health Tani vere. I am sick. Ame kuna kukora mezimo. I have a stomachache. Ame kuna kukora mutwe. I have a headache. Ame kuna kukora meho. My eyes are paining. Ame kwa kuzuvha manterere. I am dizzy. Ame kwa kurusa. I am vomiting. Ame kwa kuvera ezimo lyoku pwaga-pwaga. I have diarrhea. Ame tani vere nturo. I have a cough. Ame tani vere asthma. I have asthma. Ame tani vere marariya. I have malaria. Ame kwa kukora ezego. I have a toothache. Age kapi a kulikwasa. He/she has constipation. Age kwa kuvera kankwenyenye. He/she has chickenpox. Age kwa kupita mukota. He/she has a nosebleed. Age kwa kuvera esakisa. He/she has a cold.
38. 38 Chapter 12 Business 12.1 Important vocabulary Unangesefa business Munangesefa business person Mberewa office Erandeso selling Erando buying Nzambi income Muzangu profit / harvest Egwanenopo profit Ezumbanesa loss Mukoso cost Gwedako increase Gusako decrease Epunguro savings Yimaliva money Makongo debt Projeka project Mapuragero interview Sigongi meeting Murandi customer Ekuliko develop Dimbura patjanga report Mwenyangesefa business owner Epungwiso investment Vapungwisi wo yimaliva - investors 12.2 Useful Phrases Ame mulizambeli gomunangesefa. I am a business volunteer. Ame kurugana ko… I work at… Ngapi za kugenda projeka zoge? How is your project going? Wa diva kutjanga business plan? Do you know how to write a business plan? Kuvhura o likidenge budget zoge? Can I see your budget? Siruwoke sigongi? When is the meeting? Vili musinke sigongi? What time is the meeting? Mokwedi yingapi o randesa? In a month, how much do you sell? Mosivike yingapi o randa? In a week, how much do you buy? Makwedi musinke o gwana varandi wova nzi? In which month do you have the most customers? Makwedi musinke o pili kurandesa nawa? In which month do you sell the least?
39. 39 Chapter 13 At Home 13.1 Cooking, Food, and Drinks If you find yourself cooking often with locals or your host family, this section will be helpful. These are the basic words about food and drinks that you will need to know to get by. However, if you never cook and don't feel that you will ever cook, skip this section and come back later if you feel like learning it. Meal Times Mulihako breakfast Muzuhwa lunch Murarero supper In The Kitchen Rupasa plate Rutugo spoon Rupandi wooden spoon Foroko fork Nkinda cup Nkinda zeharase glass Sindini small container Poto pot Stove esuga Mbere knife Key Verbs Kulya to eat Kunwa to drink Kutereka to cook Kumakera to taste / to try Kuteta to cut Kunuka to smell Kurunga to stir Kutura to put Kutentura to remove from the fire Kutwa to pound (into flour) Kuhesa to sift Helpful Phrases About Cooking Yapu kutereka? Is it ready? Kwa kutereka nondya. I am cooking food. Yinke o kutereka? What are you cooking? Mpandu konondya. Thank you for the food. Nondya da tovara. The food tastes delicious. Nondya kwa kunuka nawa. The food smells delicious. Helpful Phrases About Chores Tani ya veta mema. I am fetching water. Yepako lyange yazura mema. My water jugs are full. Kwa kuzeresa membo dyange. I am cleaning my yard.
40. 40 Kwa kukomba nzugo zange. I am sweeping my house Vatereninge ko mema enota na kuzuvha - Give me some water I am thirsty. Types of Food The Staple Foods nondya food yisima porridge mahangu millet mboroto bread roso rice makaroni macaroni magadi oil mbuta butter sopa soup yikuki cake/fat cake/biscuit Other Foods mauta eggs usura flour suka sugar mungwa salt efuliso yeast ndjema jam Yikwanyango – Fruits siapura apple eguni orange sipiyera pear ebanana banana mandjembere grapes sigwava quava sitoroni lemon simango mango Nyama – Meat mfi fish nyama zonhunhwa chicken nyama zosikombo goat nyama zomafuma frog muhaka sausage nyama zongombe beef nyama zombambi springbok nyama zosinguru pork Yikwahidi - Vegetables kamundesa carrot katafura potatoes kawandja sweet potatoes makunde beans nyanga onion etanga pumpkin ndongo groundnut ekovi cabbage mutete spinach Yikwakunwa – Drinks mema water masini milk te tea kosiva coffee vhinyu wine bira beer marovhu alcohol fanta cool drink Cultural information: - Smelling food before eating it is considered rude. - In the village, it is normal for family members to eat from a shared plate. - When eating from a common plate, you should use your right hand. 13.2 Clothing It is highly unlikely that you will have to talk about clothing very often, if ever. But just in case, here is everything you need to know.
41. 41 Types of Clothing Upper – Body Yidwara clothes Suta suit Hema shirt / dress Simbindja t-shirt Mbindja jersey / sweater Mbayikisa jacket Ndjafa coat Tayi necktie Hema zokuraresa – nightgown Kadoro bra Lower Body Yiturumufe socks Nonkaku shoes Ranga trousers Ndoroko skirt Hondere underwear Kotje shorts Accessories Embare cap / hat Sali scarf Sikayiwa head scarf Vili watch Liva belt Ekehe shitenge (traditional) Verbs Kuliheteka to fit in Kukangura to iron Kuwapa to look nice Kukuhwa to wash Kusimpura to rinse Kuzaveka to soak Kutomoka to have a hole Kuhonza to sew Colors -geha red -sineguru blue -henga yellow -umburaugeha purple -sinamahako green -kusamuka grey -umbombo brown -zera white -sovagani black Helpful Phrases About Clothes Ame kwa kukuhwa yidwara yange. I am washing my clothes. Yidwara yange kwa ku kukuta. My clothes are drying. Simbindja soge sosigeha siwa. I like your red shirt. (literally – "your red shirt is nice") Ame kuna dwara mbayikisa zosinamahako no uhenga.  I am wearing a green and yellow jacket. Cultural information: - Modest, professional dress is expected in most settings. - Very short dresses or skirts, and very tight clothing may be offensive. - When attending a funeral, females should bring a shitenge (traditional scarf).
42. 42 13.3 Family If your family comes to visit you from back home, or if you simply want to talk about your family with those in your community, these are the words that will help you get by. Key Words Epata Nuclear family Ekoro Extended family Onane Mother Otate Father Mumbyange Younger sibling Mukurwange Older sibling Omama Grandmother / Grandfather Hekurwa Uncle Onanegona Aunt Sipwa Cousin Simpumba Nephew / Niece Swara Sister or brother in law Tamweyi Father in law Ngumweyi Mother in law Mbeli First born Nsiraura Last born Munona Child Mukeke Baby Mugara Man Mumati Boy Mukadi Woman Mukdona Girl Mukwetu Friend Brothers and sisters Mumbyange gomumati. Younger brother (child). Mumbyange gomukadona. Younger sister (child). Mukurwange gomugara. Older brother (adult). Mukurwange gomukadi. Older sister (adult). Potentially Helpful Phrases Eli ekoro lyange. This is my family. Ava onane. This is my mother. Ava otate. This is my father. Ogu mubyange. This is my younger sibling. Ogu mukurwange. This is my older sibling. Awo kava tundilire koAmerica vaya tutarerepo. They are visiting from America. Mekoro lyetu ame kwa kara na mumbyange gomumati nogu gomukadona. In my family I have one younger brother and one sister.
43. 43 13.4 Talking to children Takamesa! Be careful! Siga! Leave it! (Don't touch that!) Yinke o kulira? Why are you crying? Yinke o mwena? Why are you quiet? Yinke o hafa? Why are you happy? Yinke o guvu? Why are you sad? Epuko musinke lya kara po? – What is the problem? Kuvhura nifaneke efano? – Can I take a photo? Zora! Smile! 13.5 Useful Small Talk Yinke o kukuna sinema esi? What are you planting this season? Ezuvake ngo purura? When will you plough? Kuvhura o vaterenge? Will you help me? Kuvhura o rongenge omu…..? - Can you teach me how to…..? Kuna dimi rutjeno? Is the electricity off? Mukeke gweni a kuru Your baby is growing Kwa reta mukeke gomu wa You have brought forth a beautiful baby Mukeke gweni muwa Your baby is beautiful Makwedi ga munoge ga ngapi? – How many months old is he/she? (baby) Makwedi gangapi ezimo lyeni? – How far along are you (pregnancy)? To ya veta mema? Are you coming to fetch water?  Yii, tani ya veta mema. Yes, I am fetching water. Yinke o hara nika kupitwire ko doropa? – What can I bring you from town?* (*Note: only use this phrase if you plan to carry and pay for the requested items. For example, if you want to buy groceries for your host family
44. 44 Chapter 14 In The Village 14.1 Shopping Market Vocabulary Sitora shop Sitanda open market Ndiro expensive Mbiliha cheap Yimaliva money Dola dollar Senda cent Fandisa sale Yingapi how much? Kukosa cost Kuranda to buy Murandi buyer Kurandesa to sell Murandesi seller Potential and Probable Village Dialogue A. Kupi o kuza? – Where are you going? B. Tani zi kositora. – I am going to the store. A. Yinke o hepa kuranda? – What do you need to buy? B. Na hepa kuranda mboroto morwa nzara. I need to buy bread because I am hungry. A. Yingapi za kukosa mboroto? – How much does the bread cost? B. Nodola murongo. – Ten dollars. A. Nan, ndiro. – Wow, that is expensive. B. Aa – aa, mbiliha. – No, it is cheap. A. Ewa, guseni yimaliva. – Ok, take the money. B. Mpandu. Gendeni po nawa. – Thank you. Go well. A. Ewa, mpandu none. Kareni po nawa. – Ok, thank you also. Stay well. 14.2 Navigating and Directions Directions and Key Words Zumbana lost Muzogo north Mbindakano south Upumezuvha east Utokero west Korulyo to the right Korumoho to the left Mesinyamwina – across from Nzega next to Pepi near Ure far Sitaura road (for cars) Pate tire road Nzira path (for walking) Piruka turn Vyukilira go straight Sikama stop Kourundu inland (away from the river) Komukuro toward the river Doropa town Nkurumbara city Mukunda village
45. 45 Landmarks Ngereka church Posa post office Sure school Mbanga bank Sitanda open market Sitora store Sipangero hospital / clinic Ntopa bridge Epya field (for cultivation) Sipata garden Apa daligwanekera nonzira – intersection Mukuro river Sample Dialogue – Practice Make Perfect. This is a sample dialogue that you could perhaps engage in one day. Pay close attention to the key words in bold and focus on what the basic meanings of the questions and responses are – even if you don't understand everything in between. Go for basic understanding. A: Ngapi, mukwetu? - How are you, friend? B: Nawa. - I am fine. A: Kupi ko Rupara? - Where is Rupara? B: Rupara kwa karera koutokero waRundu. - Rupara is west of Rundu. A: Ngapi omu nani genda nika sikeko? - How do I travel to reach there? B: Kwama pate ezi. - Follow this road. Apa daligwanekera nonzira, to piruka korumoho. – At the intersection, turn left. A. Ure woku sika kupi kutunda apa? - How far is it from here? B. Nokilometre murongo kutunda apa. - It is 10 kilometres from here. A: Azo sure zaRupara kwa karera korulyo ndi korumoho rositaura? Is the school in Rupara on the right or left side of the road? B: Kwa karera korulyo rositaura. - It is on the right side of the road. A: Mpandu unene. - Thank you very much. B: Ewa, gendeni po nawa. – You're welcome, go well. 14.3 Plants and Animals If you find yourself working with animals, such as milking cows or goats, maybe this will be helpful for you. If you don't think you need any of it, at least learn the basic domestic animals. You will hear those words relatively frequently. Domestic animals Ngombe cow Ntwedu bull Sikombo goat Nzwi sheep Singuru pig Nhunhwa chicken Nkambe horse Sindongi donkey Mbwa dog Mbisi cat
46. 46 Wild animals Nyime lion Nzovhu elephant Sivaradi zebra Ehumbu cheetah Ngwe leopard Mbahe giraffe Simbungu hyena Ndimba hare Nduno oryx Horongo kudu Mbambi springbok Mvhuu hippo Singuruve warthog Nkaka pangolin Kafukufuku bat Nsima monkey Mfi fish Ezama aardvark Mburu honey badger Mpuku mouse Birds Mpungu fish eagle Nkutji dove Mpo ostrich Siimbi forest buzzard Ekuvi vulture Kakuru owl Nkanga guinea fowl Katjikilili waxbill Kambara weaver Reptiles Ezoka snake Efuma frog Mbati turtle Sinzogoro tortoise Rugongoro chameleon Ngandu crocodile Insects Mwe mosquito Ndi fly Nyiki bee Embondwe wasp Uhwa termite Simbumburu ant Nge scorpion Plants Ugongo mangetti tree Uhahe African ebony tree Uwongo marula tree Wayi grass Nombu reeds Mutete wild spinach Undunga palm tree Uguni monkey orange tree Uguva bloodwood Helpful Phrases About Animals Mbisi gwange kwa hara kulya nompuku. My cat likes to eat mice. Monzugo zange kwa kara mo nompuku. There are mice in my house. Yikombo yali yidwara yange. The goats ate my clothes. Kapi na hara ezoka! I don't like snakes! Vaterange! Ezoka lya kara mo nzugo zange! Help! There is a snake in my house! Kwa lya tanga nokulya vanzovhu mepya lyoge? Are the elephants trampling and eating in your field?
47. 47 Chapter 15 Days, Time, and Weather 15.1 Days of the Week Sondaha Sunday Mandaha Monday Uvali Tuesday Utatu Wednesday Une Thursday Utano Friday Mapeu Saturday * The days of the week are very similar to the numbers 2 through 5. You will learn about counting in Chapter 15. A. Neina ezuvake? What day is it (today)? B. Neina Mandaha. Today is Monday. A. Tani zi koRundu. I am going to Rundu. B. Ezuvake ngo ka tengura? When will you return? A. Tani ka tengure moSondaha. I will return on Sunday. 15.2 Time Related Words Time Words Ezuva day / the sun Neina today Nkera yesterday Mungura tomorrow Sivike week Kwedi month / the moon Mvhura year / rain Time of Day Ngurangura morning Kaudiudi dawn Mutenya day time / sunshine Metaha afternoon Mutwekatji midday Kambombo dusk Ngurova evening Masiku night More Descriptions Sivike sa tunduko last week Sivike sa ku wiza next week Mvhura za tunduko last year Mvhura za ku wiza next year Pinduko the day after tomorrow Nkera lina the day before yesterday Ntantani in just a few moments Ntantani yahoroka – a few moments ago Time Itself Minute minute Sekonde second Vili hour Komutwe o'clock A fun Rukwanagli idiom: Kwa kwatere nonhunhwa komurungu – Literally means: I was holding the beak of the chicken. Figuratively: I woke up very early. (See Appendix B for more!)
48. 48 15.3 Useful Expressions About Weather Weather Words upyu hot mufu cold maremo clouds mpepo wind mvhura rain mundema dark rukukutu drought ruvadi/nombadi - thunder / lightning *Utenda also means cold. But it is used to describe cold things, like a cool drink – not the weather. 15.4 Months and Seasons It is highly unlikely that you will need to know the names of the months and seasons, but in case you have an inkling for learning more, here they are: Seasons Kurombo summer Epemba autumn Kufu winter Mangenyena spring Months Murongagona January Murongankuru February Nsinano March Kudumogona April Kudumonkuru May Pembagona June Pembankuru July Siwogedi August Sitarara September Sikukutu October Magundu November Sindimba December
49. 49 Chapter 16 Counting Counting in Rukwangali is actually very simple. Once you learn the first 5 numbers, everything else is just addition. Take a look and try to recognize the pattern while counting. The First 5 Numbers (1 – 5) the only five you need to know Zimwe one Mbali two Ntatu three Ne four Ntano five The Next four Numbers (6 – 9) just add nta Ntazimwe six (five and one) Ntambali seven (five and two) Ntantatu eight (five and three) Ntane nine (five and four) Counting to 10 and above (11 – etc.) Murongo / Rozimwe ten Ronazimwe eleven (ten and one) Ronambali twelve (ten and two) Ronantatu thirteen (ten and three) Ronane fourteen (ten and four) Ronantano fifteen (ten and five) Ronantazimwe sixteen (ten and five and one) This pattern will just continue up to 100. In my experience, because it takes so long to say numbers in general, any number above 15 will usually just be said in English by everyone because it is shorter and easier. So save yourself the headache, and focus on the first 15 numbers unless you feel the need to learn more. 20 and Beyond Norombali– twenty (two tens) *break it down – Noro (multiple tens) mbali (two) = two tens Norombali na ne – twenty four (two tens and four) Example Phrases Using Numbers Ame nomvhura dage norombali na ntazimwe. - I am 26 years old Na hara kuranda yikuki ntambali. - I want to buy 7 fat cakes. Na hara kuranda nomuhwi mbali do mboroto. - I want to buy 2 loaves of bread.
50. 50 The Road Ahead How To Become Fluent In Rukwangali Becoming fluent? Isn't that really hard? Well, the simple answer is yes. Becoming fluent in a language will take a lot of practice and determination on your part. If you have finished this book and absorbed all of its contents, then you have certainly learned a lot of helpful vocabulary, verbs, and rules, but are by no means fluent. You have taken the first step to speaking the language well, but how exactly do you obtain fluency? You have to change the way you approach speaking and more importantly - thinking. Instead of just saying something in English because it is easier, first stop and think – "Do I know how to say this in Rukwangali?" You may not know the exact words to say what you want, but you can probably piece it together. For example, if you wanted to say: "I have to go to Rundu tomorrow to buy some books for my class. Tell my learners to work on the problem I gave them today." - That is a long phrase and not something that I directly covered in this book. But if you stop and think, you know how to say everything in that phrase. Take a look: "Na hara kuza (I have/want to go) koRundu (to Rundu) mungura (tomorrow) nika rande (to buy) nombapira (books) do varongwa vange (my leaners). Tantera (tell) varongwa vange (my learners) varugane yirugana (to work on the problem) na vape (I gave) neina (today). The Puzzle Pieces See, you already learned how to say everything in that phrase. You just have to put the pieces together. And guess what? Even if you don't say it perfectly, they will certainly understand the point you are trying to make. Don't be afraid to try to say things you don't know yet. You can put it together. Do you think the Namibians' English is perfect? No, but they get their ideas across by saying what they know after putting the pieces of the language puzzle together. 10 Tips On How To Become Fluent 1. Stop - Using English as a crutch to lean on 2. Be Proactive - tell people to only speak to you in Rukwangali unless you ask for English 3. Think - Do you know the words for what you want to say? 4. Act - Put the pieces (the words) together the best you can 5. Follow Up - Ask if what you said was correct 6. Learn - Take note of what you did wrong (if anything) 7. Ask - If you have no idea how to say something, ask someone and write it down 8. Practice - Continually practice everyday 9. Be Persistent – Keep trying and don't be lazy, you know more than you think 10. Be Confident - Don't be afraid to say things incorrect.
51. 51 Rukwangali Exercises Exercise 1. Phonetics Listen to Exercise track 1 and record the beginning consonant combinations that you hear. 1. _______ a 11. ________ izumuka 2. _______ a 12. _________ a 3. _______ a 13. _________ i 4. _______ e 14. _________ uu 5. _______ a 15. _________ ato 6. _______ aantani 16. _________ a 7. _______ aa 17. _________ endi 8. _______ i 18. ________ umita 9. _______ undu 19. e ________e 10. _______ ukisa 20. _________ anta Exercise 2. Plural Nouns Using the noun class chart in Appendix A, make these nouns plural. Singular Plural 1. sindini _______________________ 2. embare _______________________ 3. muntu _______________________ 4. rutugo _______________________ 5. undunga _______________________ 6. nzugo _______________________ 7. musingi _______________________ 8. simbindja _______________________ 9. kayoro _______________________ 10. eguni _______________________
52. 52 11. mugara _______________________ 12. nzwi _______________________ 13. kuwoko _______________________ 14. kambwa _______________________ 15. usi _______________________ 16. nhunhwa _______________________ 17. murongwa _______________________ 18. nesa _______________________ 19. sidira _______________________ 20. eho _______________________ Exercise 3. Introductions Fill in the blanks with the following words: (lyange, kupi, mulizambeli, tunda, rugana, edina) A: Edina lyange Thenga. _________________ lyoge yilye? B: Edina __________________ Namutenya. A: ________________ wa tunda? B: Ame kwa __________________ koAmerica. A: Yinke o _____________________ ? B: Ame _____________________ goPeace Corps. Exercise 4. Possesive practice Using the noun class chart in Appendix A and the possessive stems you learned in section 2, fill in the appropriate possessive. 1. My name  Edina ____________ 2. Your cat  Mbisi _____________ 3. Their fields  Mapya ______________
53. 53 4. His leg  Kuguru ______________ 5. My eyes  Meho ______________ 6. Your table  Sitafura _____________ 7. Her office  Mberewa ______________ 8. Our flour  Usura ______________ 9. Their cattle  Nongombe _______________ 10. My plate  Rupasa ___________ 11. His goat  Sikombo _____________ 12. Our family  Epata ______________ 13. My children  Vanona ___________ 14. Her hand  Kuwoko _____________ 15. Your notebook  Mbapira ____________ Exercise 5. Adjective practice Using the noun class chart in Appendix A and the adjective stems you learned in section 2, fill in the appropriate adjective. 1. Big man  Mugara ____________ 2. Blue bag  Ndjato _____________ 3. Wet clothes  Yidwara _____________ 4. Dirty plate  Rupasa ______________ 5. White bread  Mboroto ______________ 6. Hot water  Mema _____________ 7. Unripe orange  Eguni ____________ 8. Naughty children  Vanona ______________ 9. Short legs  Maguru _______________ 10. Brown eyes  Meho _____________ 11. Lazy woman  Mukadi _____________
54. 54 12. Sharp blade  Kayoro ______________ 13. Heavy container  Ndini ______________ 14. Small house  Embo _______________ 15. Beautiful girl  Mukadona ________________ Exercise 6. Translating longer sentences By now you know how to form possessives and adjectives properly. Now, let's put those skills together to translate some longer sentences. 1. My yellow shirt is dirty. _____________________________________________ 2. Your child is naughty  ______________________________________________ 3. His red bag is lost.  ________________________________________________ 4. Their plate is clean.  _______________________________________________ 5. My fat cake is delicious.  ____________________________________________ 6. His orange is not ripe.  ______________________________________________ 7. Our black dog is aggressive.  _____________________________________________________________________ 8. The house's door is short.  _____________________________________________________________________ 9. My office is clean.  _________________________________________________ 10. Their clean clothes are dry.  _____________________________________________________________________
55. 55 Appendix A – Noun Classes For each noun class, the plural forms are italicized. Class Noun Prefix Examples Possesive Prefix Adjectival Prefix Example sentences 1 mu- va- murongi varongi gw- v- mu- va- Murongi gwange muwa Varongi vange vawa 1a o- otate v- va- Otate voge vare 1b - va- mvhuu vamvhuu n/a go wo Mvhuu gougara Vamvhuu wougara 2 mu- nomu- mutwe nomutwe gw- d- mu- no- Mutwe gwange munene Nomutwe dawo nonene 3 e- ma- epya mapya ly- g- lye- ma- Epya lyetu lyenunu Mapya getu manunu 4 si- yi- sikombo yikombo s- y- sosi- yoyi- Sikombo setu sosikadi Yikombo yetu yoyikadi 5 (n)- no(n)- ngombe nongombe z- d- z- dono- Ngombe zoge zogeha Nongombe doge donogeha 6 ru- maru- rupasa marupasa rw- g- ru- g- Rupasa rwange ruanyata Marupasa gange ganyata 7 ka- tu- kanona tunona k- tw- koka- totu- Kanona kange kokautwini Tunona twange totutwini 8 u- mau- usura mausura w- g- wu- ma- Usura wetu wuzera Mausura getu mazera 9 ku- ma- kuguru maguru kw- g- ku- ma- Kuguru kwoge kunene Maguru goge manene
56. 56 Appendix B – Rukwangali Idioms, Expressions and Riddles Idioms Phrase: Kwa kwatere nonhunhwa komurungu. Literally: I was holding the beak of the chicken. Figuratively: I woke up very early today. Phrase: Ana katjida nombambi. Literally: Chasing a springbok. Figuratively: The person has died. Phrase: Saronda mpadi nomo ngoro ngasisika. Literally: If it climbs onto your feet, it will also reach your knees. Figuratively: If you share a secret it will spread around. Phrase: Rera nyime ngaka kulye. Literally: If you take care of a lion it will kill you. Figuratively: No matter how much you take care of a stranger, he might turn against you. Phrase: Mpuku zange pya usimbu kapi za wapa. Literally: If you fry your mouse in a hurry it will not taste good. Figuratively: If you rush into something, it won't work out well. Phrase: Erago lyo mbwa pevhu. Lierally: For a dog luck is in the ground. Figuratively: You find good luck when you do not expect it. Phrase: Kanzimbu wateka nongundango danare. Literally: The small axe breaks long grudges Meaning: People who hold grudges for a long time. Phrase: Magonga gavali galimba kutemba. Literally: It is difficult to duck from two spears. Meaning: It is difficult to solve two problems at once. Expressions Phrase: Kufa ko nkuruhupa, yitembe kuli haragana. Meaning: When the head of the family has died, the family members will scatter. Phrase: Nsene mbisi za tundupo nompuku kuliharangera. Meaning: When the cat is away, the mice will play. Phrase: Ogo ge pata. Meaning: You are married. Phrase: Ogo muse. Meaning: You are dependable.
57. 57 Riddles Samana wayi nye kapi asi kuru. - What finishes all the grass, but does not grow up? Answer: nompadi! - feet! (because they trample, but don't grow bigger) Kapi ava sivarere. – What can't you track? Answer: wato – a canoe (it doesn't leave a trail)
58. 58 Appendix C – Rukwangali Verb Chart English verbs Present Past Future afford vhuru vhulire vhura agree pura pulire pura accept tambura tambwire tambura act (drama) dana danene dana add gweda / tura gwedere / tulire gweda / tura admire hara here hara allow pulisira pulisilire pulisira amaze tetuka tetukire tetuka announce zigira zigilire zigira answer/reply limburura limbwilire limburura approach hedera hederere hedera arrive sika sikire sika bake baka / kanga bekere / kangere baka / kanga be able vhura vhulire vhura be alive paruka parukire paruka be born hampuruka hampurukire hampuruka be found gwana gwanene gwana be happy hafa hafere/ hefe hafa be ill vera verere vera be surprised tetuka tetukire tetuka be well kara nawa kere nawa kara nawa beat/hit toona toonene toona become kara kere kara begin tameka tamekere tameka believe pura pulire pura belong hamena hamenene hamena bite huma humine huma boil vilisa vilisire vilisa bother/annoy sipageda sipagedere sipageda bring / fetch reta retere reta brush putja putjire putja build tungu tungire tunga burn hwika hwikire hwika call zigida zigidire zigida care for pakere mbili pakerere mbili pakera mbili carry simbi simbire simba catch kwata kwatere kwata change into litjindja litjindjire litjindja choose horowora horowere horowora chop teta tetere teta
59. 59 climb ronda rondere ronda close zedira zedilire zedira confess tongonona tongwenene tongonona consider tarurura tarurwire tarurura count vara varere vara cover dumika dumikire dumika crash myona myonene myona create hunga hungire hunga cry lira/ lili lilire lira cut teta / tete terere teta cycle lidinguruka lidingurukire lidinguruka dance dana danene dana decide tokora tokwere tokora decline gurumuka gurumukire gurumuka defecate kunya nyine kunya define faturura fatwilire faturura demand sininika sininikire sininika depart katuka katukire katuka depend huguvara huguvarere huguvara die fu fire fa differ lisiga lisigire lisiga direct / show likida likidire likida disagree patanesa patanesere patanesa disappear dongonoka dongonokere dongonoka discover gwana gwanene gwana distribute gavera gaverere gavera dive divire/mbwitire divarere/ mbwitilire divira/mbwitira do rugana ruganene rugana doubt tamangera tamangerere tamangera draw faneka fanekere faneka dress dwara dwarere dwara drink nwa nwine nwa drive singa singire singa drown dama damene dama end hageka hagekere hageka endure hepa hepere hepa enjoy bodjana bodjanene bodjana enter hwilira hwililire hwilira escape hena henene hena explain singonona songonwene singonona fall gwa gwene gwa feed lisa lisire lisa feel lizuvha lizuvhire lizuvha
60. 60 fight rwana rwene rwana find gwana gwanene gwana fit gwaneka gwanekerere gwaneka fix pangera pangerere pangera fly tuka tukire tuka follow kwama kweme kwama force sininika sininikire sininika forget divara divarere divara gamble mbetja mbetjere mbetja gather ponga pongere ponga get gwana gwanene gwana give gava gavere gava give back tengwida tengwidire tengwida go za zire za grow / grow up kura kulire kura guess pumba pumbire pumba hand / give gava gavere gava happen/occur horoka horokere horoka harvest teza tezere teza hate nyenga nyengere nyenga have kara karere/ kere kara heal verura verwire verura hear zuvha zuvhire zuvha hide vanda vende vanda hit toona toonene toona hold/keep pungura pungwire pungura hope huguvara huguvarere huguvara hurry genderera genderere genderera imagine gazara gazarere gazara implement tura mosirugana tulire mosirugana tura mosirugana interest lituramo lituliremo lituramo invite / call zigida zigidire zigida iron kangura kangwire kangura jog duka dukire duka joke teura tewire teura jump vatuka vatukire vatuka keep quiet mwena mwenene mwena kick sanga sangere sanga kiss ncumita ncumitire ncumita know diva divire diva laugh zora zorere zora lead pitisira pitisire pitisira learn lironga lirongere lironga
61. 61 leave/go away za / zi zire za lie kumbagera kumbagerere kumbagera lift damuna damwine damuna like hara harere/ here hara listen purakena purakenene purakena live tunga tungire tunga look at tara tere tara look for papara paparere papara lose zumbanesa zumbanesere zumbanesa love hara here hara make up ligusirapo ligusilirepo ligusirapo marry kwara kwere kwara mean tamba tembe tamba meet gwanekera gwanekerere gwanekera memorize moma monene moma mix runga rungire runga nod nyongora nyongorwe nyongora notice nongonona nongwenene nongonona obtain gwana gwanene gwana offer gava gavere gava open zegurura zegwilire zegurura order panga pangere panga paint peinda peindire peinda pass pita pitire pita paste rameka ramekere rameka pay futa futire futa pinch ncwanta ncwantere ncwanta pity fira nkenda filire nkenda fira nkenda plant tapeka tapekere tapeka play dana danene dana play (game) dana danene dana play (instrument) sika sikire sika please (someone) hafesa hafesere hafesa poke tjoka tjokere tjoka pound twa twire twa practice yomberesa yomberesere yomberesa prepare wapaika wapaikire wapaika present/introduce lidivisa lidivisire lidivisa press diva divire diva prevent kandana kandanene kandana pronounce tumbura tambwire tumbura pull koka kokere koka punish tengeka tengekere tengeka
62. 62 push sindika sindikire sindika put tura tulire tura reach siki sikire sika read resa resere resa realize dimburura dimbwilire dimbrura record (in writing) tjanga tjangerere/ tjenge tjanga regret livera liverere livera relax pwizumuka pwizumukire pwizumuka release siga sigire siga remember diworoka diworokere diworoka repeat rugurura rugwilire rugurura reply limburura limbwilire limburura report rapota rapotere rapota rest pwizumuka pwizumukire pwizumuka return tengura tengwire tengura reward pa nzambi pere nzambi pa nzambi ride singa singire singa run duka dukire duka save pungura pungwire pungura say tanta tanterere tanta search papara paparere papara see mona monene mona sell randesa randesere randesa send tuma tumine tuma serve gavera gaverere gavera shake (hand) morora morwere morora shoot roya royore roya shop randa randere randa shout haruka harukire haruka shove sindika sindikire sindika show likida likidire likida sift hesa hesere hesa sit hingira hingilirire hingira sleep rara rere/ rarere rara smell fumbwira fumbwilire fumbwira smile menyuna menywine menyuna smoke koka kokere koka sound hagara hagarere hagara spend ruganesa ruganesere ruganesa stand sikama sikamene sikama stay kara kere kara steal vaka veke/ vakere vaka stick vambeka/kakatera vambekere/kakatere vambeka/kakatera
63. 63 stink nuka nukire nuka stir pirura pirwire pirura stop (something) hagekesa hagekesere hagekesa strike nyoka nyokere nyoka struggle kondja kondjere kondja study lironga lirongere lironga succeed tompoka tompwere tompoka suggest (an idea) tura po tulire po tura po support kwafa kwafere kwafa swim zoga zogere zoga take twara twere/ twarere twara take gusa gusire gusa take care of pakera mbili pakerere mbili pakera mbili take out pwagesa pwagesere pwagesa talk uyunga uyungire uyunga taste makera makerere makera telephone bela /toonena tonene/belele bela /toonena tell tantera tanterere tantera think gazara gazarere gazara throw zuguma zugumine zuguma touch kwata kwatere kwata tour dingura dingwire dingura translate toroka torokere toroka transport twara twere/ twarere twara travel gendagura gendagwire gendagura try heteka hetekere heteka turn piruka pirukire piruka understand zuvha zuvhire zuvha undress hutura hutwire hutura urinate huhwa huhwire huhwa use ruganesa ruganesere ruganesa visit dingura dingwire dingura vomit rusa rusire rusa vote horowora horowere horowora wait ndindira ndindilire ndindira wake up pinduka pindukire pinduka walk genda gendere genda want hara here hara warn rondora rondere rondora wash kuhwa kuhwire kuhwa waste zonagura zonagwire zonagura watch tara tere tara water (a plant) tekera tekerere tekera
64. 64 wave morora morwere morora wear dwara dwarere dwara wish harera harere harera wonder gendagura gendagwire gendagura work rugana ruganene rugana worry gazadara gazadarere gazadara write tjanga tjangerere/ tjangere tjanga
65. 65